2019年9月9日 星期一

理學檢查-心音 Physical Examination-Heart sound


S1:高頻音,注意強度及是否有分裂(Splitting),在左胸骨側可能會聽到正常的分裂S1心音,S1的大小與心室收縮力有關,在1st degree AV block時也會下降。在RBBB時可在Tricuspid area聽到分裂的S1。

S2:高頻音
Split S2
Physiologic:正常情況下主動脈瓣(A1)比肺動脈(P2)提前關閉,S2在吸氣時因Venous return增加,Pulmonary valve會更晚關閉,S2分裂心音會更明顯,可在Pulmonary area聽到。
Narrow or Single S2:如果吸氣時聽不到Split S2,如肺高壓時(Pulmonary Hypertension)因肺阻力大肺動脈瓣早期收縮 (Early pulmonic valve closure),或Mild to moderate Aortic Stenosis (Delayed aortic valve closure)。或有一瓣膜消失或大片心室中膈缺損 (VSD)。
Wide S2 split:RBBB
Wide & Fixed S2 split:ASD/RV failure
Paradoxical (Reverse) S2 split:Severe Aortic Stenosis

S3:低頻音,為心房早期收縮射血入心室時產生turbulance之聲音。小於40歲且為運動員或體重瘦的人可能會聽到生理性的S3,大於40歲若聽到則有hemodynamic相關問題,如心室衰竭ventricular failure、左心室擴大等等。

S4:低頻音,為心房晚期收縮射血時,心室舒張異常(LV compliance)造成之聲音,如

心雜音Murmurs: 與S1, S2心音不同,時間上較長。
Loudness (Levine grade)
Gr 1: initially unaware
Gr 2: initially aware
Gr 3: Markable; no thrills
Gr 4: Complte; thrills
Gr 5: edge; thrills
Gr 6: no touch; thrills

Thrill震顫: 觸覺可以感覺得到胸壁震動


Systolic murmurs:S1與S2之間,常見為瓣膜性心臟病或正常生理現象
AS: Midsystolic, at Right base, Erb's point, Apex
HCMP: LLSB, Erb's point
PS/ASD: Left base
MR: Holosystolic, Apex
TR: Holosystolic, LLSB
VSD: Holosystolic, LLSB
Diastolic murmurs:S2與S1之間,常見為瓣膜性心臟病
AR: Early diastolic, at Right base, Erb's point, Apex
MS: Apex

Notes筆記:高頻音用聽診器diaphragm面聽,低頻音用bell面聽,輕放即可。


Ref:
1. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History-Taking, 11th edition
2. NTUH teaching

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